How To Write September In Cursive

Style of penmanship in which characters are written joined together in a flowing manner

Example of classic American business cursive handwriting known equally Spencerian script, from 1884

Cursive (too known equally script, amidst other names^[a]) is any way of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing style, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters. Information technology varies in functionality and modern-day usage beyond languages and regions; existence used both publicly in creative and formal documents as well as in private advice. Formal cursive is by and large joined, merely casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style tin can exist farther divided as "looped", "italic" or "connected".

The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting and beliefs that it increases writing speed. Despite this conventionalities, more elaborate or ornamental styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all messages in a give-and-take are connected, sometimes making a give-and-take one single complex stroke.

A report of gradeschool children in 2013 discovered that the speed of their cursive writing is the same as their print writing, regardless of which handwriting the child had learnt first.^[1]

Descriptions [edit]

Cursive is a style of penmanship in which the symbols of the language are written in a conjoined and/or flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster. This writing style is distinct from "print-script" using block letters, in which the letters of a word are unconnected and in Roman/Gothic letter-form rather than joined-up script. Not all cursive copybooks join all letters: formal cursive is by and large joined, merely casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. In the Arabic, Syriac, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets, many or all letters in a discussion are connected (while others must non), sometimes making a word one unmarried complex stroke. In Hebrew cursive and Roman cursive, the letters are not connected. In Maharashtra, at that place was a version of cursive called 'Modi' to write Marathi linguistic communication.

Subclasses [edit]

Ligature [edit]

Ligature is writing the letters of words with lines connecting the letters then that ane does not have to option up the pen or pencil betwixt letters. Usually some of the letters are written in a looped manner to facilitate the connections. In common printed Greek texts, the mod small alphabetic character fonts are called "cursive" (as opposed to uncial) though the letters do not connect.

Looped [edit]

In looped cursive penmanship, some ascenders and descenders have loops which provide for joins. This is generally what people refer to when they say "cursive".^[2]

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  Looped cursive as taught in Great britain in the mid-20th century

Italic [edit]

Cursive italic penmanship—derived from chancery cursive—uses non-looped joins or no joins. In italic cursive, there are no joins from g, j, q, or y, and a few other joins are discouraged.^{[3] [ failed verification ]} Italic penmanship became popular in the 15th-century Italian Renaissance. The term "italic" equally it relates to handwriting is non to be confused with italic typed letters. Many, but non all, letters in the handwriting of the Renaissance were joined, as most are today in cursive italic.

Origin [edit]

The origins of the cursive method are associated with practical advantages of writing speed and infrequent pen-lifting to adapt the limitations of the quill. Quills are fragile, easily broken, and will spatter unless used properly. They also run out of ink faster than virtually gimmicky writing utensils. Steel dip pens followed quills; they were sturdier, but still had some limitations. The individuality of the provenance of a document (see Signature) was a cistron also, equally opposed to machine font.^[4] Cursive was besides favored considering the writing tool was rarely taken off the paper. The term cursive derives from Middle French cursif from Medieval Latin cursivus, which literally means running. This term in turn derives from Latin currere ("to run, hasten").^[5] Although the use of cursive appeared to be on the decline, it now seems to be coming back into use.^[6]

Bengali [edit]

In Bengali cursive script^[7] (also known in Bengali every bit "professional writing"^{[ citation needed ]}) the messages are more likely to exist more than curvy in advent than in standard Bengali handwriting. Also, the horizontal supporting bar on each letter (matra) runs continuously through the unabridged give-and-take, unlike in standard handwriting. This cursive handwriting often used by literature experts differs in appearance from the standard Bengali alphabet as it is free hand writing, where sometimes the alphabets are circuitous and appear unlike from the standard handwriting.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Roman [edit]

Example of old Roman cursive

Roman cursive is a class of handwriting (or a script) used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Center Ages. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business organisation accounts, past schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and fifty-fifty by emperors issuing commands. New Roman, too called minuscule cursive or later on cursive, adult from old cursive. It was used from approximately the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more than recognizable to modern eyes; "a", "b", "d", and "eastward" have taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters are proportionate to each other rather than varying wildly in size and placement on a line.

Greek [edit]

Greek cursive script, 6th century CE

The Greek alphabet has had several cursive forms in the course of its evolution. In antiquity, a cursive form of handwriting was used in writing on papyrus. It employed slanted and partly connected letter forms as well as many ligatures. Some features of this handwriting were afterward adopted into Greek minuscule, the dominant form of handwriting in the medieval and early modern era. In the 19th and 20th centuries, an entirely new class of cursive Greek, more similar to gimmicky Western European cursive scripts, was developed.

English [edit]

An English letter from 1894, written in Continuous Cursive

Cursive writing was used in English before the Norman conquest. Anglo-Saxon Charters typically include a boundary clause written in Quondam English language in a cursive script. A cursive handwriting way—secretary hand—was widely used for both personal correspondence and official documents in England from early in the 16th century.

Cursive handwriting developed into something approximating its current form from the 17th century, but its use was neither uniform, nor standardized either in England itself or elsewhere in the British Empire. In the English colonies of the early on 17th century, most of the letters are clearly separated in the handwriting of William Bradford, though a few were joined as in a cursive hand. In England itself, Edward Cocker had begun to introduce a version of the French ronde way, which was then further developed and popularized throughout the British Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries as round hand past John Ayers and William Banson.^[9]

Cursive writing in the Britain [edit]

Today at that place is no standardized educational activity script stipulated in the various national curriculums for schools in the United Kingdom, simply that 1 font style needs to be used consistently throughout the school.^[10] In both the Cursive and the Continuous Cursive writing styles, letters are created through joining lines and curve shapes in a particular manner. In one case pupils have learnt how to clearly class single messages, they are taught how single letters tin be joined to form a flowing script.^[11]

Characteristics of Cursive and Continuous Cursive scripts:^[12]

	Cursive	Continuous Cursive
Starting bespeak for letters	Variable	Always on the writing line
Finishing point for messages	Always on the writing line (except for o, r, 5 and w, which have a height exit stroke)	Ever on the writing line (except for o, r, 5 and w, which have a tiptop go out stroke)
Single alphabetic character germination	Letters taught with exit strokes simply	Letters taught with entry and exit strokes

Whether Cursive or Continuous Cursive is to be favoured remains a subject area of debate. While many schools in the United Kingdom are opting to teach Continuous Cursive throughout the year groups, often starting in Reception, critics have argued that conjoined writing styles leave many children struggling with the loftier level of gross and fine motor coordination required.^[13]

Cursive writing in N America [edit]

Development in the 18th and 19th centuries [edit]

In the American colonies, on the eve of their independence from the Kingdom of Not bad United kingdom, it is notable that Thomas Jefferson joined nigh, merely non all the letters when drafting the Us Declaration of Independence. However, a few days later on, Timothy Matlack professionally re-wrote the presentation copy of the Declaration in a fully joined, cursive hand. Eighty-seven years later, in the middle of the 19th century, Abraham Lincoln drafted the Gettysburg Address in a cursive hand that would not look out of place today.

Not all such cursive, and so or now, joined all of the letters within a word.

Cursive handwriting from the 19th-century US

In both the British Empire and the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, earlier the typewriter, professionals used cursive for their correspondence. This was chosen a "off-white hand", meaning it looked good, and firms trained their clerks to write in exactly the same script.

In the early days^{[ when? ]} of the post office, letters were written in cursive – and to fit more text on a single sail, the text was continued in lines crossing at 90 degrees from the original text.^[xiv] Block letters were non suitable for this.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Although women'south handwriting had noticeably different particulars from men's, the general forms were not decumbent to rapid change. In the mid-19th century, most children were taught the contemporary cursive; in the U.s., this unremarkably occurred in second or 3rd grade (around ages 7 to nine). Few simplifications appeared equally the middle of the 20th century approached.^{[ citation needed ]}

Subsequently the 1960s, a movement originally begun past Paul Standard in the 1930s to replace looped cursive with cursive italic penmanship resurfaced. Information technology was motivated by the claim that cursive teaching was more difficult than it needed to be: that conventional (looped) cursive was unnecessary, and information technology was easier to write in cursive italic. Considering of this, various new forms of cursive italic appeared, including Getty-Dubay Italic, and Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting. In the 21st century, some of the surviving cursive writing styles are Spencerian, Palmer Method, D'Nealian, and Zaner-Bloser script.^[15]

Decline of English cursive in the United states of america [edit]

Ane of the earliest forms of new technology that caused the decline of handwriting was the invention of the ballpoint pen, patented in 1888 past John Loud. Two brothers, László and György Bíró, further developed the pen by changing the design and using different ink that dried rapidly. With their design, information technology was guaranteed that the ink would non smudge, as information technology would with the earlier design of pen, and it no longer required the careful penmanship one would employ with the older design of pen. Later World War II, the ballpoint pen was mass-produced and sold for a cheap price, changing the way people wrote. Over fourth dimension the emphasis of using the style of cursive to write slowly declined,^{[ quantify ]} only to be afterwards impacted by other technologies such as the phone, computer, and keyboard.^{[sixteen] [17]}

Cursive has been in pass up throughout the 21st century due to its perceived lack of necessity. The Fairfax Education Clan, the largest teachers' union in Fairfax Canton, Virginia, has called cursive a "dying fine art". Many consider cursive also deadening to learn and believe that it is non a useful skill.^{[18] [19]}

On the 2006 SAT, a United States post-secondary education archway exam, only 15 percent of the students wrote their essay answers in cursive.^[twenty] Still, students might be discouraged from using cursive on standardized tests due to exams written in hard-to-read handwriting receiving lower marks, and some graders may have difficulties reading cursive.^[21]

In 2007, a survey of 200 teachers of commencement through tertiary grades in all 50 American states, ninety percentage of respondents said their schools required the teaching of cursive.^[22]

A nationwide survey in 2008 found elementary school teachers defective formal grooming in teaching handwriting to students. But 12 percent of teachers reported having taken a form in how to teach it.^[23]

In 2012, the American states of Indiana and Hawaii appear that their schools will no longer exist required to teach cursive (but will still be permitted to), and instead will be required to teach "keyboard proficiency". Since the nationwide proposal of the Common Core State Standards in 2009, which exercise not include teaching in cursive, the standards have been adopted by 44 states equally of July 2011, all of which have debated whether to augment them with cursive.^{[24] [25]}

In a 2022 article in The Atlantic, historian and former Harvard University president Drew Gilpin Faust noted that the Gen Z never learned to read and write cursive.^[26]

Conservation efforts and furnishings on the learning disabled [edit]

Many historical documents, such as the U.s.a. Constitution, are written in cursive—some contend the inability to read cursive therefore precludes i from beingness able to fully appreciate such documents in their original format.^[27] Despite the decline in the day-to-solar day employ of cursive, it is being reintroduced to the curriculum of schools in the Usa^{[ timeframe? ]}. States such as California, Idaho, Kansas, Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, and Tennessee take already mandated cursive in schools equally a office of the Back to Basics program designed to maintain the integrity of cursive handwriting.^[28] Cursive educational activity is required by class 5 in Illinois, starting with the 2018–2019 school yr.^[29] Some^{[ who? ]} argue that cursive is not worth teaching in schools and "in the 1960s cursive was implemented considering of preference and non an educational footing; Hawaii and Indiana have replaced cursive pedagogy with 'keyboard proficiency' and 44 other states are currently weighing similar measures."^[thirty]

Students with dyslexia, who have difficulty learning to read considering their brains have difficulty associating sounds and letter combinations efficiently, have institute that cursive can assistance them with the decoding process because information technology integrates paw-centre coordination, fine motor skills and other brain and retention functions.^[31] However, students with dysgraphia may be desperately served, or even substantially hindered, by demands for cursive.^[32]

German [edit]

Up to the 19th century, Kurrent (also known every bit German cursive) was used in High german-linguistic communication longhand. Kurrent was not used exclusively, simply rather in parallel to modernistic cursive (which is the same equally English cursive). Writers used both cursive styles: location, contents and context of the text determined which style to apply. A successor of Kurrent , Sütterlin , was widely used in the period 1911–1941 until the Nazi Political party banned it and its printed equivalent Fraktur . High german speakers brought up with Sütterlin continued to use it well into the post-war period.

Today, 3 different styles of cursive writing are taught in German schools, the Lateinische Ausgangsschrift ^[de] (introduced in 1953), the Schulausgangsschrift ^[de] (1968), and the Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift (1969).^[33] The German language National Primary Schoolteachers' Union has proposed replacing all iii with Grundschrift , a simplified form of not-cursive handwriting adopted by Hamburg schools.^[34]

Russian [edit]

The standard modern Russian Cyrillic cursive alphabet with upper-case letter and lowercase messages, used in school education

The Russian Cursive Cyrillic alphabet is used (instead of the cake letters) when handwriting the modern Russian language. While several letters resemble Latin counterparts, many of them represent different sounds. Most handwritten Russian, specially personal letters and schoolwork, uses the cursive Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet, although use of cake messages in private writing has been rising.^{[ commendation needed ]} Most children in Russian schools are taught in the 1st form how to write using this Russian script.

Chinese [edit]

Cursive forms of Chinese characters are used in calligraphy; "running script" is the semi-cursive form and "rough script" (mistakenly called "grass script" due to literal misinterpretation) is the cursive. The running attribute of this script has more to exercise with the formation and connectedness of strokes within an individual character than with connections betwixt characters as in Western connected cursive. The latter are rare in hanzi and in the derived Japanese kanji characters which are commonly well separated by the writer.

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  Semi-cursive style Calligraphy of Chinese poem by Mo Ruzheng

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  Classical poem in cursive script at Treasures of Aboriginal Red china exhibit

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  Eight cursive characters for dragon

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  Calligraphy of both cursive and semi-cursive past Dong Qichang

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  Ane page of the album "K Grapheme classic in formal and Cursive script" attributed to Zhi Yong

Examples [edit]

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  Table of 19th-century Greek cursive letter forms

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• 

See too [edit]

• Asemic writing
• Bastarda
• Blackletter
• Book hand
• Calligraphy
• Chancery paw
• Courtroom hand
• Cursive script (Eastward Asia) (Grass script)
• D'Nealian Method
• Emphasis (typography)
• Hand (writing mode)
• Handwriting
• Hieratic and Cursive hieroglyphs
• History of writing
• Italic script
• Palaeography
• Palmer Method
• Paper
• Pen
• Penmanship
• Ronde script (calligraphy)
• Rotunda (script)
• Round hand
• Secretarial assistant hand
• Shorthand
• Spencerian Method
• Sütterlin and Kurrent – German Cursive
• Zaner-Bloser Method

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Likewise known as handwriting, fancy writing, articulation writing, joined-up writing, or running writing

References [edit]

1. ^ Bara, Florence; Morin, Marie-France (June 2013). "Does the Handwriting Mode Learned in First Grade Determine the Style Used in the Fourth and Fifth Grades and Influence Handwriting Speed and Quality? a Comparison Between French and Quebec Children". Psychology in the Schools. 50 (6): 601–617. doi:x.1002/pits.21691.
2. ^ "What is Cursive Writing? - Definition, History & Types". study.com . Retrieved 17 March 2022.
3. ^ Bounds, Gwendolyn (five October 2010). "How Handwriting Boosts the Brain". The Wall Street Periodical. New York: Dow Jones. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved thirty August 2011.
4. ^ Jean, Georges (1997). Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts. 'New Horizons' serial. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
5. ^ Harper, Douglas. "cursive". Online Etymology Lexicon . Retrieved 29 Oct 2011.
6. ^ Rueb, Emily S. (thirteen Apr 2019). "Cursive Seemed to Go the Way of Quills and Parchment. Now It'southward Coming Back". The New York Times . Retrieved 1 September 2019.
7. ^ Adak, Chandranath; Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.; Blumenstein, Michael (23–26 October 2016). "Offline Cursive Bengali Word Recognition Using CNNS with a Recurrent Model". Offline Cursive Bengalese Give-and-take Recognition Using CNNs with a Recurrent Model. 15th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR). Shenzhen, Mainland china. pp. 429–434. doi:ten.1109/ICFHR.2016.0086. ISBN978-1-5090-0981-seven.
8. ^ Cardenio, Or, the Second Maiden's Tragedy, pp. 131–3: By William Shakespeare, Charles Hamilton, John Fletcher (Glenbridge Publishing Ltd., 1994) ISBN 0-944435-24-6
9. ^ Whalley, Joyce Irene (1980). The Art of Calligraphy, Western Europe & America. London: Bloomsbury. p. 400. ISBN978-0-906223-64-2.
10. ^ Be School Ready – What Letter Font is Your Child'southward School Teaching? (online), 29 August 2019, access date 30 March 2022
11. ^ Teach handwriting: The three handwriting stages (online), access date thirty March 2022
12. ^ What's The Deviation between Cursive and Continuous Cursive Handwriting Fonts? (online), 9 Nov 2017, admission date xxx March 2022
13. ^ Angela Webb: 'Continuous Cursive: Cure or Curse?', National Handwriting Association (online), access date xxx March 2022
14. ^ Livingston, Ira (1997). "The Romantic Double-Cross: Keats's Letters". Arrow of Chaos: Romanticism and Postmodernity. University of Minnesota Press. p. 143. ISBN978-0816627950.
15. ^ Heller, Karen (ii September 2018). "From punishing to pleasurable, how cursive writing is looping back into our hearts". The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 September 2018.
16. ^ Giesbrecht, Josh (28 August 2015). "How The Ballpoint Pen Killed Cursive". The Atlantic . Retrieved xxx Oct 2015.
17. ^ Enstrom, E. A. (1965). "The Pass up of Handwriting". The Elementary School Periodical. 66 (ane): 22–27. doi:10.1086/460256. S2CID 144897364.
18. ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (four Apr 2013). "Cursive handwriting is disappearing from public schools". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
19. ^ Braiker, Brian (25 Jan 2011). "Tossing the Script: The End of the Line for Cursive?". ABC News . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
20. ^ "The Handwriting Is on the Wall". The Washington Post. xi October 2006.
21. ^ Adams, Richard (21 Baronial 2016). "Poor handwriting 'may hinder students' chances of exam success'". The Guardian . Retrieved fourteen November 2018.
22. ^ "Schools debate: Is cursive writing worth teaching?". The states Today. 23 Jan 2009.
23. ^ Graham, Steve; Harris, Karen R.; Mason, Linda; Fink-Chorzempa, Barbara; Moran, Susan; Saddler, Bruce (2008). "How do master grade teachers teach handwriting? A national survey". Reading and Writing. New York: Springer Netherlands. 21 (1–two): 49–69. doi:10.1007/s11145-007-9064-z. ISSN 0922-4777. S2CID 143793778.
24. ^ Webley, Kayla (half-dozen July 2011). "Typing Beats Scribbling: Indiana Schools Tin can Terminate Teaching Cursive". Time . Retrieved xxx August 2011.
25. ^ "Hawaii No Longer Requires Educational activity Cursive In Schools". Education. The Huffington Post. 1 August 2011.
26. ^ Faust, Drew Gilpin (16 September 2022). "Gen Z Never Learned to Read Cursive". The Atlantic.
27. ^ Steinmetz, Katy (four June 2014). "Five Reasons Kids Should Still Larn Cursive Writing". Fourth dimension . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
28. ^ "Is cursive handwriting slowly dying out in America?". PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 30 October 2015.
29. ^ "An act concerning education". ILGA.gov . Retrieved 30 August 2018.
30. ^ Serratore, Angela (six March 2013). "Is Cursive Handwriting Going Extinct?". Smithsonian . Retrieved 30 Oct 2015.
31. ^ "How cursive can help students with dyslexia connect the dots". PBS NewsHour. 6 May 2014. Retrieved xxx Oct 2015.
32. ^ "Myths and Fact ... Dysgraphia". Nursing . Retrieved viii Oct 2018.
33. ^ "Grundschrift-Schreibschrift". grundschrift-schreibschrift.de.
34. ^ Pidd, Helen (29 June 2011). "German language teachers campaign to simplify handwriting in schools". The Guardian.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Cursive.

• The Golden Age of American Penmanship, including scans of the Jan 1932 issue of Austin Norman Palmer's American Penman
• Normal and Bold Victorian Modern Cursive electronic fonts for downloading
• Mourning the Death of Handwriting, a Time mag article on the demise of cursive handwriting
• Op-Art: The Write Stuff, a New York Times article on the advantages of italic hand over both full cursive and cake printing
• The Order for Italic Handwriting, supporters of teaching a simplified cursive hand
• Has Technology Killed Cursive Handwriting?—Mashable, 11 June 2013
• Why Cursive Still Matters in Teaching
• Cursive Coming Back in the U.s. Schools
• Hausam's practical writing course. 1917 State Library of Kansas' KGI Online Library

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive

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